To Kill a mockingbird(II)

The Civil Rights movement
a. The civil rights movement began in 1896.
b. The civil rights movement was about attempting to bring equality and grant all African Americans full civil rights. It was mostly a nonviolent and also a long lasting struggle.
c. 1)The Brown v. Board of education was a court case in which ended with blacks being able to use facilities in schools that whites used.
2)The Montgomery Bus boycotts was a boycott of Montgomery Buses which led to the buses being desegregated.
3)Desegregating Little Rock was a case that ended with all schools in Little Rock becoming desegregated.
d.John Kennedy.
e.Discrimination became banned in the United States and the African Americans became enfranchised
f. The Civil rights movement was very popular then following Montgomery Bus incident and Harper Lee worte the novel at that time. It showcases the social injustice in the South and allow the readers, particularly the white readers, to sympathesize with Rosa Parks and the Blacks.

Montgomery Bus Boycott and Scottsboro trials
a.1) Montgomery Bus Boycott. On December 1st 1955 Rosa Parks was charged with disorderly conduct and violating bus segregation laws. Then, on December 5, she was convicted and fined. Upon hearing that, blacks began boycott of the Montgomery buses.Black leaders decide to form the Montgomery Improvement Association(MIA), and elected Martin Luther King Jr as president. Negotiations between MIA, the city officials and the bus company broke down several times. Leaders of the MIA were then charged of starting boycotts without just cause. A decision by the US Supreme court was then misinterpreted by many to declare bus segregation unconstitutional. Following that, many bus companies, including the Montgomery Bus company, desegregated their buses. However, state officials then issued a law compelling bus companies to comply by the segregation laws. The blacks then challenge the segregation on a court case. Segregation was declared unconstitutional throughout America soon later.
2) Scottsboro trials. Olen Montgomery, Clarence Norris, Haywood Patterson, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Charles Weems, Eugene Williams, Andy Wright, and Roy Wright hitched a train on March 31 1931. A fight had broken out between a few white men and black teenagers. The white men escaped and, furious after losing the fight, reported to the authorities that black teenagers on that train assaulted 2 white woman. Officers then went on the train to find every black youth on it. The 2 alleged victims of rape, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, then began accusing the 9 black teenagers (Olen Montgomery, Clarence Norris, Haywood Patterson, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Charles Weems, Eugene Williams, Andy Wright, and Roy Wright) of raping them. The 9 black youths were then imprisoned in Scottsboro, Alabama, and were hence named the 'Scottsboro Boys'. A Scottsboro doctor investigated Price and Bates and reported that they did not show any signs of being raped. Samuel Leibowitz was called in as the defence attorney, and he worked on the case of the Scottsboro boys for several years without charging them fees. In the first trial most of the Scottsboro boys were found guilty and sentenced to death,but due to appeal the court declared a second trial. In the second trial of Haywood Patterson, Bates claimed that she and Price made up the entire story of rape, while Price maintained her original testimony. However, both Haywood Patterson and Clarence Norris were given a guilty verdict and were sentenced to death. The US Supreme Court then found the trials unjust and demanded a retrial. The judge halted Haywood Patterson's retrial and went on with the trials of Andrew Wright and Charles Weems. After another series of trials, most of the Scottsboro boys were sent to prison.
b & c. Both trials were in the 1930s, and occured in the state of Alabama. Both stars a heroic character who tried to fend off racial discrimination and defend a black man(in the case of the Scottsboro trials, 9 black men)unjustly accused of raping white woman, which was illegal by law then.

Trials of a true Southern Belle and Southern Gentleman
a.1)The Southern gentleman rules are not inherited, but learned, i.e. one might not be borned in the South but he can acquire the Southern gentlemen rules. The rules include: dressing up for ladies, learning how to speak with ladies, flirting, etc.
2)The southern ladies rules include: wearing REAL pearls, calling you father and mother 'daddy' and 'mama' no matter how old she is, wearing branded clothes.
b.They cook.
c.


a & b.Nelle Harper Lee was born in Monroeville. In 1944, she graduated from Monroe County High School in Monroeville, and enrolled at Huntingdon College in Montgomery for one year,where she developed an interest in literature, and pursued a law degree at the University of Alabama from 1945 to 1949. Though she did not complete the law degree, she studied for a summer in Oxford, England, before moving to New York City in 1950, where she worked as a reservation clerk with Eastern Air Lines and BOAC till 1958, when she sbegan putting more effort into writing.
c.To Kill a Mockingbird, Love—In Other Words,Christmas to Me,When Children Discover America, Romance and High Adventure
d.Pulitzer Prize and Presidential Medal of Freedom
e. It was also something which had tremendous impact on the Americans and brought them new insights into the racial injustice dominant in the South then. It allowed Americans to empathise with and even advoate the blacks who started the Civil Rights movement when the book was published. All in all,it had a colossal influence on the views of the Americans on the blacks.